1. Definition
of computer
2. Earliest
computer
3. Computer
History
4. Computer
Generations
Definition of Computer
• Computer
is a programmable machine.
• Computer
is a machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions.
• Computer is any device which aids
humans in performing various kinds of computations or calculations.
Three principles characteristic of computer:
• It
responds to a specific set of instructions in a welldefined manner.
• It can
execute a pre-recorded list of instructions.
• It can
quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data.
Earliest Computer
• Originally
calculations were computed by humans, whose job title was computers.
• These human computers were
typically engaged in the calculation of a mathematical expression.
• The calculations of this period
were specialized and expensive, requiring years of training in
mathematics.
• The first use of the word
"computer" was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who carried
out calculations, or computations, and the word continued to be used in that
sense until the middle of the 20th century.
Tally Sticks
A tally stick was an ancient memory aid device to record and
document numbers, quantities, or even messages.
Abacus
• An abacus is a mechanical device
used to aid an individual in performing mathematical calculations.
• The
abacus was invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C.
• The
abacus in the form we are most familiar with was first used in China in around
500 B.C.
• It used
to perform basic arithmetic operations.
Napier’s Bones
• Invented
by John Napier in 1614.
• Allowed the operator to multiply,
divide and calculate square and cube roots by moving the rods around and
placing them in specially constructed boards.
Slide Rule
• Invented
by William Oughtred in 1622.
• Is based
on Napier's ideas about logarithms.
• Used
primarily for
– multiplication
– division
– roots
– logarithms
– Trigonometry
• Not
normally used for addition or subtraction
• It is too
expensive.
Jacquard Loom
• The
Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom, invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1881.
• It an
automatic loom controlled by punched cards.
Arithmometer
•A
mechanical calculator invented by Thomas de Colmar in 1820,
•The first
reliable, useful and commercially successful calculating machine.
•The
machine could perform the four basic mathematic functions.
•The first
mass-produced calculating machine.
Difference Engine and Analytical Engine
• It an
automatic, mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions.
• Invented
by Charles Babbage in 1822 and 1834
• It is the first mechanical computer.
First Computer Programmer
• In 1840,
Augusta Ada Byron suggests to Babbage that he use the binary system.
• She
writes programs for the Analytical Engine Augusta Ada Byron
Scheutzian Calculation Engine
• Invented
by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843.
• Based on
Charles Babbage's difference engine.
• The first
printing calculator.
Tabulating Machine
• Invented
by Herman Hollerith in 1890.
• To assist
in summarizing information and accounting.
Havard Mark 1
• Also
known as IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC).
• Invented
by Howard H. Aiken in 1943
• The first
electro-mechanical computer.
• The first
programmable computer.
• Created
by Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936 to 1938.
• To program the Z1 required that the
user insert punch tape into a punch tape reader and all output
was also generated
through punch tape.
Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)
• It was
the first electronic digital computing device.
• Invented by Professor John
Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry at Iowa State University
between
1939 and 1942.
ENIAC
• ENIAC
stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer.
• It was
the first electronic generalpurpose computer.
• Completed
in 1946.
• Developed
by John Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchl.
UNIVAC 1
• The
UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer 1) was the first commercial computer.
• Designed
by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.
EDVAC
• EDVAC
stands for Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
• The First
Stored Program Computer
• Designed
by Von Neumann in 1952.
• It has a
memory to hold both a EDVAC stored
program as well as data.
The First Portable Computer
• Osborne 1
– the first portable computer.
• Released
in 1981 by the Osborne Computer Corporation.
The First Computer Company
• The first
computer company was the Electronic Controls Company.
• Founded
in 1949 by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.
Computer Generations
There are five generations of computer:
• First
generation – 1946 - 1958
• Second
generation – 1959 - 1964
• Third
generation – 1965 - 1970
• Fourth
generation – 1971 - today
• Fifth
generation – Today to future
The First Generation
• The first computers used vacuum
tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were
often enormous,
taking up entire rooms.
• They were very expensive to operate
and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a
lot of heat,
which was often the cause of malfunctions.
• First generation computers relied
on machine language, the lowest-level programming language
understood by
computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a
time.
• Input was
based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts.
The Second Generation
• Transistors
replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers.
• One
transistor replaced the equivalent of 40 vacuum tubes.
• Allowing computers to become
smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable.
• Still
generated a great deal of heat that can damage the computer.
• Second-generation computers moved
from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or
assembly, languages, which
allowed programmers to specify instructions in words.
• Second-generation
computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output.
• These were also the first computers
that stored their instructions in their memory, which moved
from a magnetic
drum to magnetic core technology.
The Third Generation
• The development of the integrated
circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers.
• Transistors were miniaturized and
placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically
increased the
speed and efficiency of computers.
• Much
smaller and cheaper compare Integrated Circuit to the second generation
computers.
• It could
carry out instructions in billionths of a second.
• Users interacted with third
generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced
with an
operating system, which allowed the device to run many different applications
at one time
with a central program that monitored the memory.
• Computers for the first time became
accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and
cheaper than their
predecessors.
The Fourth Generation
• The
microprocessor brought the
fourth generation of computers, as
thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip.
• As these small computers became
more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks,
which eventually
led to the development of the
Internet. Microprocessor
• Fourth generation computers also
saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices.
The Fifth Generation
• Based on
Artificial Intelligence (AI).
• Still in
development.
• The use of parallel processing and
superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence reality.
• The goal is to develop devices that
respond to natural language input and are capable of learning
and
self-organization.
• There are
some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today.
----------Some are referenced from wiki------------------------------------Thanks------------------------------
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